Interdisciplinary Studies of Literature, Arts and Humanities

Abstract In the early centuries(A.H), Persian Muslim thinkers were proceeding(Their Philosophy) through inauguration some sort of mysticism in order to grasp an appreciation a Persian perception from religious concepts, and in that respect Imam Mohammad Al Ghazali was one of the most influential among those philosophers. One of the mystical experiences that he accounts which shall be a way in which the truth is taken is samaa,(singing and dancing) which he later talks in detail about the conditions, types, states of the listeners and its levels in his book Ahya al-Uloom al-Din. However This particular and mystical experience which to some extent is a way of perceiving truth is different and far away from the course of Western discipline;yet, Hans George Gadamer, a contemporary philosopher who critiques subjectivism in order to give presentation of a new approach to ancient philosophy, by delivering an expressivity of what will be happened when art is going to be understood tries to explain how art can be figured out through the art of theater. Though the concept of art in the modern sense has not been a problematic matter to sixth century Muslim jurists, but the purpose of this essay, which is based on Gadamer's hermeneutic account and performed in a descriptive and analytical comparison of these aesthetic experiences with each other, is to try to grasp a new reading of one of the most prominent Persian thinkers Compared to a contemporary philosopher; Because fulfillment of cognition is always based on analogy and comparison.

Abstract The “Imaginal world” is the link between the material and immaterial universes. In other words, this world is an interworld whose events and elements are situated between the material and the intellectual worlds. Henry Corbin, by combining the phenomenology of Husserl (and other philosophers of this school) with the views of the great Eastern thinkers, especially with those of Shaikh al-Ishraq’s, discovers this world. He, then, examines different texts from the point of view of this interworld. Among the texts that can be studied by the criteria of the imaginal are the stories of Samad Behrangi, an author who is generally known to be influenced by Marxist thought and is considered as one of the most prominent figures in children's literature. This paper employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine the elements of the imaginal in two of Behrangi’s stories, “Talḵhun,” and "the Sigh". According to the findings of this study, some of the elements of the imaginal in these stories include, the subjective nature of time, disobeying physical geography, defying the properties of the matter, following the imagination in gaining understanding and awareness, embodiment and embodiment of meanings, and conscious action emanating from the non-conscious. Based on the present research, many of Behrangi's stories will fall outside the Marxist thought. 

Abstract The present paper investigates the history of the development of the Persian prose in the recent past one hundred years. The main purpose of this research is to provide a brief history of the contemporary Persian prose, based on the definition of periodization and influences of contemporary discourses since the beginning and up to the nineties (solar calendar). In the periodization presented here, the development of the contemporary Persian prose in relation to social structure and its crises has been considered. The paper shows that familiarity with modernity and related discourses have paved the way for major developments in Persian prose and that the connection between these developments and the socio-political structure of the Iranian society has led to the formation of different periods (five suggested periods) in the history of Persian prose. These periods are: The Constitutional Period, the first Pahlavi Period, the second Pahlavi Period, the Islamic Revolution Period and since seventies to the present.

Abstract From the period of the Ilkhans, the first illustrated version of the Shahnameh was produced, and Ferdowsi's poems became a suitable background for illustration. Even though the painting "Battle of Kay Khosro with Afrasiab" in Shahnameh Baysonghory and Tahmasabi is inspired by Ferdowsi's poems, which is the same in both versions, but the paintings have different aspects due to the change in visual expression. It is important. are.The current research aims to analyze and compare the transformations of the authors' depictions to reveal the depth of the story. Therefore, it addresses the question of how the painters, relying on the theory of Vladmir Propp, have depicted the story of Kay Khosro's battle with Afrasiab.The method of analysis in this research is qualitative and the structuralism approach is used based on the theory of Vladmir Propp. Information is collected by the library method and the tool of sampling and observation. The results of this research show that both images undergo a structural transformation in comparison with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. In this matter, reasons such as being influenced by political, military, social and religious norms, as well as the ideological conditions governing the time and context, and the personal beliefs of the kings as clients and schools governing painting have been effective.. Also, the personal style of the painters in the emergence of the characteristics of the illustration has caused a different perception of Ferdowsi's story. This indicates a kind of structural change in external and internal factors, such as the removal

Abstract The emergence of the imported literary genre of novel in Iran needs to be discussed from different points of view. With regard to the chronological proximity of the emergence of the Persian novel and the Persian serial novel in Iran, it seems that discussing the factors influential in the emergence of the Persian serial novel is important in clarifying other dimensions of the emergence of the Persian novel. The main question is “what kinds of impact did the non-novel forms, published in Iranian press from the beginning to 1922, have on the emergence of the Persian novel?”. To find an answer, the serial forms published in the period in question have been studied drawing on the poly-system theory and Watt's theory of formal realism. The corpus of the study was examined for the six main elements of the realist novel, including the plot, realistic descriptions, character, time, place, and language. Next, the relationship between those six elements and most types of non-novel, including historical, travelogue, biographical, and scientific serial novels, was examined. Considering the existence of these elements in the above-mentioned serial novels, it is possible to conclude that each one of them were influential in the emergence of the Persian novel.

Abstract The issue of nation branding as an interdisciplinary concept has been popular in the field of marketing and international relations for several years and has attracted the attention of governments. Given the importance of nation branding in promoting and enhancing Iran's image both internationally and domestically, this article analyzes Hakim Abolghasem Ferdowsi's Shahnameh using a historical-narrative approach. It explores the concepts and themes associated with the name Iran in Ferdowsi's perspective, and examines the meanings and connotations that the audience of the Shahnameh encounters when hearing the name Iran and its derivatives. For this study, narrative analysis was conducted using content analysis tools in MAXQDA software. The findings indicate that the Iranian brand rests on five pillars: Iranian tradition; characteristics of Iran and Iranians; the constituent elements of Iran as a nation-state; the concept of Iran as a nation-state in comparison with other states—particularly Turan; and the perceived failures of Iran and Iranians, which will be elaborated on later. These results not only lay the groundwork for developing new constructions of national identity but also provide a basis for organizing media campaigns aimed at promoting Iran’s nation branding both domestically and internationally. The results of this research, while laying the groundwork for achieving new constructions in the field of national identity, can be used to organize media campaigns in the field of nation branding of Iran inside and outside the country.

Abstract From Jung's point of view, the process of individuation is a kind of maturation and psychological development during which the center of personality shifts from "I" to the "Self". Literature has a long-standing connection with the human psyche, and similar to dreams and myths, poetry and art are expressions of innermost human desires and aspirations. As a mystic thinker, with the purpose for human unity, Molavi tries to offers a refined model for an individuated person in the story of “Hosh-Roba Fortress”. In King Lear, Shakespeare too, portrays a man in a journey of inner progress. It can be said that both Molavi and Shakespeare portray the circular movement of self-discovery in the form of beautiful human pictures in these two works. In the present essay, an attempt is made to do a comparative analysis of the process of individuation in the story of "Hosh-Roba Fortress" and King Lear. The findings show that the journey of each one of the heroes is a symbolic representation of their psychological search for individuality during which the younger prince and King Lear go through a difficult path in their journey from the conscious to the unconscious, experience an encounter with the unconscious forces, reach the final integration with the anima archetype and establish a connection with the hero's’ consciousness in a way that, with the guidance of the wise old man, they put behind the inner shadows and outer personas and finally find their selves and, according to Rumi, “They are born again”.

Abstract Although Michel  Foucault (1926 - 1984) emphasizes that the dominant paradigm of the renaissance era is based on resemblance and analogy, contrary to Foucault's view, metaphorical thinking and analogy is not merely dominant in the pre-modern society, but is also active in the modern and contemporary era, and according to the cognitive theory, it exists in the human being's whole life. The present research aims to investigate the relationship between socio-space metaphors in Foucault's thought. By studying Foucault's works and applying the metaphor identification procedure model, his main metaphors were extracted and analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Based on Foucault and Derrida’s theories power is the determining metaphor and has a linguistic character, other metaphors are a function of the metaphor of power. They believe in metaphorical form Power and knowledge are the same. Further, power creates knowledge and controls it spatially and has a great share in its reproduction and chain circulation. Most of Foucault's metaphors of space, such as situation, displacement, place, context, realm, sphere, the horizon, archipelago, land, and landscape, have a military background and are intertwined with power. Foucault likened the modern world to Jeremy Bentham's panopticon power. Foucault's panopticon architecture metaphor is location-based and social one. In other words, he has embodied or objectified the modern world as a disciplinary field or society. The results show that based on Lakoff and Johnson's theory, Foucault has used the metaphors of architecture as well as the panopticon as a source domain to explain the target domain (modern society). 

Abstract Comparative cultural study is the new, field in comparative literature. One of the areas that is examined in this interdisciplinary field is media studies, and the analysis of the diverse forms of media in their historical, cultural, and political contexts. Media and culture studies utilize a wide range of cultural theories with a focus on the functions of media within a diverse and global cultural environment.

Media, as a powerful tool, can manipulate signs and change values, influencing the perceptions of its audience, acting as an empty subject of individuality. This study examines the role of media in creating individual and collective illusions, reconstructing and presenting a fictional world based on the film The Truman Show in the field of comparative cultural studies. The creators of The Truman Show strive to create the illusion of the world for Truman, using all the resources and modern technology available. In addition to exploring the power of the media in constructing a fake world and implementing psychological operations by the show's creators to enhance the illusion of the real world, the writer examines the show's creators' strategies for maintaining the credibility and control of this illusion in Truman's mind. It also analyzes the impact of media power on the audience based on the analysis of the details of the show's viewers and their behavior being mechanized. Finally, the writer demonstrates how The Truman Show challenges not only the display of media power in controlling public minds but also its influence and performance.

Abstract Both English and Persian satires have proved their enormous potentials in reflecting historical events and voicing social criticism. Despite differences in their origins, the nature and the ends of the satires have been the same, aiming at reformation of human societies. Drawing on analytical-qualitative methods and adopting Russian and American approaches to comparative literature and interdisciplinary studies, the present research attempts to examine the similarities and differences of satires in the two languages.  At times, literatures have had impact on each other in different parts of the world; however, the similarities have quite often been due to the common human spirit informing different literary works. Satire is the main focus of the present study in two golden eras of satirical writing both in Iran and England. The findings of the research reveal that Neo-classical satire in England during the 17^th and 18^th centuries is the continuation of the Classical age especially the Roman satire, resurging as a result of the popularity of journalism and prose writing during the Age of Enlightenment. On the other hand, satire grew in popularity during the Constitutionalist era in Iran due to social awakening and popularity of the press. It seems that English satire enjoys greater content and structure integrity as compared to its Persian counterpart. Perhaps because of the socio-political changes leading to great literary and cultural rebirth after the Renaissance in European nations, satire achieved greater distinction and independence. In the closing section of this research, two examples of English and Persian prose satire will be examined: A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) and “Dorūs Al-Ashyā” [Lessons to be Learned from Things] by Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā (1879-1956).  

Abstract This interdisciplinary, descriptive, library based research adopts Mark Elin’s theory of “Personality Disorder” to study William Dorrit’s character, whose title in the novel is the “Father of Marshalsea”. Elin’s theory of personality disorder is based upon the functions of “self-memory”, of which “Reality Testing” is an important one. Applying this theory, the research shows that in the first book of the novel, William Dorrit’s personality disorder vacillates between Narcissism and inferiority complex. In the second book, however, his personality disorder turns into “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” which is caused by the overwhelming events of the past. Reality-testing, does not operate properly in William Dorrit’s mind. Consequently, he is not capable of making distinctions between memory and reality. The final outcome of this incapability is his complete mental breakdown. The other finding of this research is the existence of a structural symmetry between chapters nineteen of both books of the novel, in which the major themes are William Dorrit’s mental and psychological agitations.

Abstract This interdisciplinary study examines the role of literary translation in responding to socio-political reforms in Iran during the Second Pahlavi era, particularly after the White Revolution. Three English novels, translated into Persian within five years following the White Revolution, were analyzed to explore references to women’s rights, employing Marshall’s model of citizenship rights. The examination of Persian translations revealed that all instances of women’s civil, social, and political rights were preserved, with a majority remaining unaltered and a minority altered for further endorsement. Translators intervened to oppose women’s rights in only 3% of cases. While policies aimed at enhancing Iranian women’s quality of life, particularly concerning health and family rights, garnered support in these translations, those geared towards aligning women’s social roles and lives with Western modernization standards, rather than societal cultural norms, encountered resistance and changed. These findings underscore the impact of the White Revolution on societal attitudes in Iran and highlight the role of literary translation as a potential platform for reacting to socio-political developments, shedding light on the complexities of modernization in Iran during this period.

Abstract Using a psychoanalytical approach, this paper studies Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s The Double to have a better understanding of the main character’s inner complexities. Goliadkin, the main character, is a government clerk who gradually separates from reality. The argument in this research is based on Sigmund Freud’s theories. An important cause of his disruption of identity can be figured out through Freud’s theory about the two primary drives. According to him, there are two types of drive that control every individual’s psychic apparatus. The life drive influences his strategies for surviving. Goliadkin’s feelings of insufficiency cause the death drive to thrive; consequently, the creation of an aggressive double follows. Also, Freud’s theory of Oedipus complex is important in the discussion about the character’s dualistic tendencies, his abnormal way of dealing with social circumstances and his fantasies about love. Moreover, Goliadkin’s behavior and thoughts are psychoanalytically studied according to the symptoms of melancholia.

Abstract Existentialism is an intellectual-philosophical current that considers man as the center of existence, in which man, with all his existential and mental dimensions, is confronted with various problems, especially ontological problems. Albert Camus and Sadegh Hedayat were among the authors whose components of the school of existentialism are found in some of their stories. The present article uses analytical-comparative method to study the principles and features of existential philosophy in Albert Camus' alien novel and the story of Sadegh the stray dog. The results of this study show that most of the components of the school of existentialism are present in these two works, explaining that some components such as "loneliness" and "nostalgia" are more prominent in the story of the stray dog, some components such as "Meaninglessness and emptiness" and "pessimism and skepticism" are stronger in the alien, and some components such as "hope and despair", "determinism" and "mortalism and suicide" are exchanged in both works.

Abstract The present paper draws on mythological criticism to comparatively approach Persian and Indian epics in analyzing Esfandiar's character in Shahnameh as well as Vritra in Indian epic. More specifically, the paper proposes that Esfandiar's battle with Rostam reflects many dragonish elements of Vritra in Indian mythology, a perspective quite different from what is commonly considered about Esfandīār's battle with Rostam. The findings suggest that the account of Esfandīār's battle with Rostam is a transformed version of the account of the battle of Vritra, the drought dragon, with Indira in Indian mythology. Esfandyar's connection with religious foundations, which is due to the artistic manipulations of storytellers or theologians in later periods, causes Esfandīār's character to move away from his dragon pedigree and, instead, get closer to religious and heroic figures. Esfandīār in his invincibility, his death caused with an arrow shot at a vulnerable spot and other characteristics are unmistakeably similar to those of the drought dragon of Indian mythology. That which makes Esfandīār insist on tying Rostam's hands in a demonic dream also reflects an important structural part of Vritra's battle with Indira.

Abstract In recent decades, interdisciplinary studies in literary research have made literary research new and attractive. Considering the capacity of the quatrain as one of the forms of Persian poetry and emotion which are one of the main components of the poem, in this research, Khayyam’s quatrains have been studied and analyzed from a psychological perspective. The theoretical framework of this article is Plutchik’s theory. According to this theory, eight emotions are common to all living things. These eight emotions include Destruction, Joy, Incorporation, Orientation, Protection, Deprivation, Rejection, and Exploration. All the emotional dimensions of Plutchik can be deduced in Khayyam’s quatrains. The dimensions of Destruction were 37 items, Joy 90 items, Incorporation 107 items, Orientation 61 items, Protection 32 items, Deprivation 130 items, Rejection 43 items, and Exploration 103 items. Although the prevailing view is that the core of Khayyam’s intellectual system focuses on happiness and debauch, this psychological study reveals that in these quatrains, anguish dominates happiness and joy. The results of this study reveal a part of the dimensions of Khayyam’s emotional personality.

Abstract Abstract

There is a close relationship between Comparative Literature and Translation Studies, especially in the domain of influence studies. The famous German poet, novelist and dramatist, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, from his early youth was somehow interested to the East, in the inclusive sense of the word, and regularly read the books, in different European national languages, on East and its people. While reading these miscellaneous books that he became acquainted with Muslims’ religious book, the Holy Quran, and greatly was influenced by it. This impact is quite conspicuous, notably, in his most comprehensive book of poetry, West- Eastern Divan (1819). The present paper tries, through the prism of Comparative Literature especially influence studies, to investigate historical and personal evidences. At the beginning Goethe’s familiarity with the Quran and its translations which he read are elaborated on. Later on, the twelve books of West- Eastern Divan and its long epilogue, Notes and Papers Written for a Better Understanding of Divan, are analyzed very precisely, and Goethe’s sources of inspiration are, one by one, identified and explained.

Abstract Since classical times, philosophy has maintained an inseparable connection with literature. This relationship is not confined to the application of philosophical theories in interpreting literary works. Numerous philosophers have argued that literature can serve as a medium for philosophization and the conveyance of knowledge. However, within many university curricula, literature is often regarded merely as a form of art, the primary function of which is the creation of beauty or the expression of emotions. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, employing the method of conceptual analysis, and drawing upon the theory of Peter Lamarque and Stein Haugom Olsen, two contemporary analytic philosophers, the present qualitative, library-based study investigates whether knowledge can be conveyed through literary discourse. The study contends that serious literary works, by concretizing abstract philosophical concepts, offer readers a distinctive perspective through which to view the world and its problems in a new and different light. In doing so, literature provides a particular kind of insight or understanding that can be regarded as a form of knowledge/cognition. After the theoretical discussion, Anton Chekhov’s short story “Misery” is analyzed as an example to illustrate the potentials of literary works for philsophization and the quality of philosophical thoughts in literature. According to the findings of the present inquiry, since literary discourse possesses significant cognitive and ethical value, it ought to receive greater attention in discussions concerning the transformation and indigenization of the humanities in Iran.

Abstract Call of Duty is a popular first-person shooter (FPS) game. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2007) was the first game in the franchise which did not focus on the World Wars’ history. It was also the first Call of Duty which had a continuous interactive digital narrative (IDN). This article attempts to take a comparative approach to the game. As a cultural product, the game is susceptible to postcolonial and Orientalist discourses. This article attempts to apply Edward Wadie Said’s theories to Call of Duty: Modern Warfare in order to prove that the game’s IDN was shaped by postcolonialism and Orientalism. The game functioned as a cultural medium which disseminated Orientalist discourses amongst its player base. As such, this article tries to not only shed light upon a lesser-known aspect of Call of Duty: Modern Warfare but also to demonstrate that computer games are not exempt from external cultural forces.

Abstract This study undertakes a comparative ecofeminist analysis of Virginia Woolf's To The Lighthouse and Simin Daneshvar's Island of Bewilderment and The Bewildered Cameleer. Through a nuanced examination of these literary works, it explores the intricate interconnections among women, nature, and patriarchal cultural structures within English and Persian contexts analyzing the narratives, interpreting the symbolic motifs such as nature and paintings, analyzing the discourse between men and women, and exploring the intersections of genders. The analysis reveals how both authors symbolically represent nature as a conduit for women's emotional journeys and personal growth, while simultaneously critiquing the oppressive forces of patriarchal ideologies that subjugate women and the environment. Characters like Lily Briscoe and Hasti emerge as emblems of resistance, challenging societal norms and redefining their identities beyond the confines of traditional gender roles. The novels also highlight the pervasive influence of patriarchal structures within cultural traditions and celebrations, perpetuating gender stereotypes and marginalizing women's voices. However, the narratives offer alternative perspectives by portraying women as embodiment of "Mother Nature," possessing inherent strength, resilience, and a profound connection to the natural world. This ecofeminist lens challenges the binary opposition between culture and nature, advocating for a harmonious coexistence that recognizes the interdependence of all life. Ultimately, this comparative analysis contributes to the ongoing discourse on ecofeminism, gender studies, and environmental justice, underscoring the urgency of addressing the intertwined oppression of women and nature within patriarchal societies.

Abstract The painting "Two Conflicting Sages" attributed to Aqa Mirak in Khamsa Tahmasbi's edition is one of the works in which the painter, as the author, has created an additional meaning out of the original work. The purpose of the present paper is to identify the hidden layers of meaning in this painting. To do so, the research employs the framework of Panofsky's iconology via a descriptive analytical method. The paper seeks to find out which hidden layers of meaning exist in the painting. The results show that the painting has originated from spiritual and religious beliefs, particularly those of Islamic wisdom. Agha Mirak, being both influenced by this mystical view and being closely connected to Shah Tahmasb's court, while showing the splendor and majesty of the court with the help of visual symbols, has portrayed the conflict of the two sages in the court scene, and thereby, has reflected moral messages to the king and the courtiers in an esoteric and indirect way, lest their excessive prejudices cause the destruction of the monarchy. The image represents the key conflict between the reason and illusion, a conflict which exists within all human beings and leads to pride and neglect. Illusion is like a beautiful flower whose appearance is agreeable to reason, but in reality, it leads to human failure.

Abstract The relationship between the text and the reader has been greatly influenced by the emergence of new forms of narration. These new forms are created by adding interaction to the text. By adding interaction to a narrative, these new forms create more opportunities for readers to control and shape the narration, resulting in a heightened level of immersion. Moreover, this type of narration opens up new possibilities for developing narratives that can serve various purposes beyond entertainment. This study aims to compare interactive forms of narration, such as FMV (Full Motion Video), ARG (Alternate Reality Games), escape rooms, interactive books, and plays, while examining the relationship between immersion and interactivity in these formats. While the reader will be a crucial point of focus, we will employ a qualitative method alongside quantitative measures to illustrate how variations in interactivity within a narrative can alter the readers’ immersive experiences across different modes of interactive narration.

Abstract Based on his theory of epic theater, Bertolt Brecht wrote several plays, one of the most important and successful of which is the play Mother Courage and Her Children. This play is a perfect example of performing the technique of alienation or estrangement effect and defamiliarization. This technique can be performed with multiple elements and in various ways in a play. In this research of comparative literature and interdisciplinary field, the introduction of these elements and the play Mother Courage will be introduced. Referring to this, three different performances of the play are examined and the desired elements and their performance methods in a number of scenes are discussed. The desired performances are the German performance by Brecht's wife Helene Weigel and under his own supervision and two Persian performances by Mehdi Shojaei and Amir Dejakam. An attempt is made to compare differences and similarities of these performances which are a result of difference of performance time periods, cultural differences and differing working style of the performers and other theatrical factors. Iranian performances are somewhat more modern and alienation in them is more exaggerated in some cases. The scenes are simple and the language used is modern vernacular.

Abstract Combining the traditional teaching approach with the new audio-visual teaching methods can, apart from smoothing out the learning process, meet the hitherto less-considered objectives in the emotional area. The present interdisciplinary is of an applied characteristic in objective, and descriptive-evaluative in nature and method. The statistical sample includes all the 11-grade students in secondary schools in Torbat-e Jám from among whom 60 were selected within a cluster sampling framework. The measurement was done by means of screening the puppet play "The Legend of the Snake-Shouldered" (Afsanehe-Mardoosh) in teaching the lesson "Kaveh the Justice Seeker" (Kaveh-e Dadkhah) in the Persian textbook of the 11th grade of the secondary schools and a questionnaire which was organized into three categories: Category A, the completion and stability of the learning process in the cognitive and skill areas in teaching; category B, the emotional, motivational, and modeling areas; and category C, questions that assess the film's audio-visual capabilities in the course of learning the lesson. The data were analyzed through T-single sample. The results obtained show that the screening of the film has a high impact on students' desire to and interest in familiarity with the Shahnameh, gaining Iranian identity, modeling the characters in the Shahnameh. The greatest effect is on the students' desire to use pure Iranian names and words. The film screening has a high impact on the completion and stability of students' learning and skills; but the audio-visual effects of the film are not of high quality.

Abstract In the interdisciplinary researches of recent decades, much attention has been paid to the relationship between philosophy and literary theories. However, the characteristic of this type of research has been mostly a kind of "general" and "imprecise" encounter with "philosophy" and "literary theory". The current research, by adopting an interdisciplinary approach, shows that "European" literary theories can be divided into two types of theories that are in interaction and dialectic relationship with "analytical" and "Continental" philosophies. Theories such as reader response, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, etc., are oriented towards "Continental philosophy" (European) due to their interpretive and subjective approach, while theories such as formalism, structuralism and its subcategories, such as narratology and structural anthropology, have affinities with analytical philosophy. This article will show that analytical philosophy, through features such as concreteness, objectivism, experimentalism, precision, repeatability and fixed results, and its distance from subjectivism and relativism, has commonalities with "Russian Formalism" and "Structuralism" and the key terms of the theories of formalism (the dominant element) and structuralism (common patterns) are integrally related to Thomas Cohen's scientific-analytical approach and his key terms, paradigm and normative science.