Interdisciplinary Studies of Literature, Arts and Humanities

Abstract This article explores the complicated interaction of artistic expression with cultural identity through two novels by Orhan Pamuk: My Name is Red and The White Castle. The analysis will lean upon an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that brings together Stuart Hall’s view on cultural identity as a fluid entity, Homi Bhabha’s theory of cultural hybridity, and Arjun Appadurai’s work on global cultural flows. This research demonstrates how Pamuk’s narratives contest given binary oppositions between East and West, and also tradition and modernity, through close textual investigation, reflecting upon questions regarding cultural change within the Ottoman framework. The study shall show how Pamuk’s characters negotiate the multiplicities of cultural influence through artistic utterance and personal metamorphosis with a view to creating new identities beyond borders. While tension in My Name is Red between Ottoman miniature traditions and Western portraiture is in itself a vehicle toward cultural adaptation, The White Castle presents an identity exchange between an Italian scholar and his Ottoman captor, which shows, through time and interaction, the permeable nature of such a boundary. This study focuses on how globalization equally amplifies traditional binaries and creates opportunities for their transcendence, enriching our understanding of Turkish literary modernism. It holds the view that cultural identity can be jointly created not simply by negating or fully accepting foreign influxes but by being in creative interaction with both the traditional and the new, and thus provides an important insight into the understanding of cultural change in societies experiencing rapid globalization and modernization.

Abstract The present interdisciplinary qualitative study aims to analyze James Joyce’s “Araby” based on Hegelian dialectic. This seminal story from Dubliners has received immense critical reception over the years and has been studied through various critical frameworks. However, its potential for analysis based on Hegelian dialectic has been largely overlooked. Considering the last episode of the story as a moment of epiphany and self-realization, the study seeks to discuss how the protagonist’s development of consciousness can be interpreted based on the three stages of Hegelian dialectic: Understanding (Idealization of Mangan's sister and the bazaar), Dialectical (faced with contradiction at the bazaar), and Speculative (the final epiphany). The analysis demonstrates how the narrator’s initially fixed determinations and alienated consciousness in the understanding stage face their contradiction at the dialectical moment, resulting in the final epiphany, which mirrors the last stage of the dialectic where contradictions are resolved and self-realization is achieved. Further, based on the principles of Hegelian dialectic rooted in philosophical idealism, the study not only asserts that the narrator’s consciousness evolves through a process driven by contradiction, but it also interprets the narrator’s journey from naïve idealization to self-realization as a universal process of maturation. To avoid a mechanical and rigid application of the dialectical method, the analysis relies on close textual reading to identify the elements that contribute to each moment of the dialectic and deeply contextualizes the argument to deviate from oversimplification of the text.

Abstract Children and adolescent literature in Iran is still a developing field. Studies in the field of children's literature are interdisciplinary and include fields of psychology, social sciences, Persian literature, and educational sciences. Limited studies exist on the challenges of children's literature in Iran. The aim of this study is to extract the components of "content challenges in children and adolescents’ fiction" considering the current situation.The current study was conducted using qualitative content analysis. The study is an applied research and adopts an inductive approach and employed the interview method for data collection. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 people who were subject experts, authors, and key informants. After documenting the interviews, semantic units were extracted as codes, then were grouped and categorized. Initially, 186 codes were collected. After removing duplicates, the total number of codes decreased to 117. Finally, by merging and combining the codes, the final number reached 48. These 48 codes were classified into five main components and 24 sub-components The content analysis of the interview texts showed the challenges of children's fiction in five main components, these components are 1- translated stories; 2- content production; 3- Author or Authorship; 4- The role of governance; 5- social and cultural conditions of society. Analysis and review of the opinions of experts in the field of children and adolescents’ literature showed that, despite the fact that the number of copies of books published in the field of children and adolescents in the country is increasing, and there are numerous challenges in the field of children and adolescents’ fiction. The challenges in various areas such as the content of works, the role of governance, writing, and translated works require attention, planning, and policy-making of the major authorities. Given the intergenerational role adolescents play in both receiving and transmitting social and cultural concepts, any indifference in this process can lead to numerous future cultural and social challenges. Therefore, knowing that the youth fiction in Iran is evolving, there is a need to pay more attention to the challenges found out in the research.

Abstract This article examines how identity, nostalgia, and belonging impact Nicolas Urfe in John Fowles’s The Magus (1965). Drawing upon Homi Bhabha’s “Hybridity”, Stuart Hall’s “Cultural Identity”, and William Safran’s “Myth of Homeland”, the objective of this article is to recognize the futility underlying Nicolas’s relentless endeavors to establish a sense of belonging and reconcile with his inner turmoil and inherent desire in order to reveal the origins of his internal conflicts, such as anxiety, restlessness, and rootlessness. The significance of this article lies in its endeavor to analyze the diasporic experience on an individual ground that does not align with the typical paradigms of Nicolas’s relocation. This article also explores whether Nicolas feels a sense of belonging to a particular place that he can consider as home. We try to respond to two fundamental questions, namely what influences exist behind the adoption or rejection of a new self-identity by Nicolas in Fowles’s The Magus?, and does Nicolas with multi-layered identity associate with both native land and hostland, namely England and Greece, respectively in Fowles’s The Magus? In order to fill the existing gap, we explore how Nicolas’s identity oscillates between pre-immigration and post-immigration spaces, namely England and Greece, respectively.

Abstract Pirzad's novel A Day Before before Easter, delves into the evolving identity of Iranian Armenians, highlighting their diasporic and transnational identities, despite acknowledging historical roots. Based on the ideas of “hybridity” and “translation sites” as the framework, this study explores at how translation sites as symbolic spaces influenced the development of multiple and hybrid identities of Armenian and Muslim characters as well as the possibility of linguistic and cultural interactions between them. Three distinct translation sites, the church, the school, and the graveyard, were identified in this study. These sites revealed how the characters' identities were developed based on their interactions with Muslim Iranians, affecting their language, religion, and society. The school functioned as zones of connection and communication between Muslims and Armenians where some Armenians display hybrid, multiplied identities while the church functioned as a site of “counter-translation,” where Armenians maintained a solidified and diasporic identity, enclosed by their religious and ethnic boundaries. The study suggests that identity conflicts at the translation sites in the story created a space for negotiation, fostering reconciliation and the blending of national and Armenian heritages among the characters.

Abstract This essay discusses the political dimensions of Omar El Akkad's American War and Kim Stanley Robinson's The Ministry for the Future, exploring their distinct yet interconnected critiques of governance, authoritarianism, and global cooperation in times of existential crisis. Drawing upon diverse political theories, such as Hobbesian social contracts, Arendtian distinctions between power and violence, and Marxist critiques of systemic inequality, the analysis situates these novels within the broader context of speculative fiction’s role in reimagining political systems. By examining themes of climate change, radicalization, systemic reform, and international diplomacy, this study illuminates the enduring relevance of speculative narratives as blueprints for understanding and addressing contemporary global challenges. These narratives not only critique existing power structures but also offer innovative perspectives on the possibilities of systemic reform. Ultimately, the essay positions speculative fiction as a vital tool for envisioning alternative trajectories for a just, inclusive, and sustainable future, emphasizing its transformative potential in shaping political and ecological discourse.

Abstract Masculinity, unlike femininity, have long been left understudied by the scholars. This originated from the essentialist idea that men and masculinity are natural, and subsequently had been taken for granted. They were, not required to be studied. Men, were deemed as the agents who gazed and studied. However with the advent of structuralist and poststructuralist ideas in humanities and specially in social theory, masculinity attracted attentions. No longer was masculinity considered natural, God-given. Now the new theories regarded masculinity as a constructed phenomenon subject to cultural, structural, discursive, and material forces. Therefore it was inevitably subject to change, It was no longer seen as an essential entity. These theoretical inventions spread, though belatedly, into the realm of literary studies. Literary works, especially fiction, provides a very rich material to explore the dynamics and nuances of theory. The present article sets to apply the theories in the field of masculinity studies from social theory to a novel by the British-Syrian writer Robin Yassin Kassab. The Road from Damascus could be useful text to investigate how masculinity produced and reproduced, how it constructed and changed as men experience different social structures. The novel, successfully, takes masculinity as a sign whose significance alters as it moves from one structure to another. A significant aspect of the novel is its focus on immigrant people in the cultural space of England. The article would investigate how the two “modalities” masculinity and immigration would invite new meanings into the previous studies done on the work.

Abstract In Bird Cottage by Eva Meijer, the main character blurs the dualistic dichotomies between humans and animals by applying ethical practices, morality, and emotion. Ecofeminists stand against the Western reason/emotion dichotomy, and they mutilate human/animal dichotomies by cherishing ethics and morality. In literature and environmental concerns the traces of Ethics and Ecofeminism should be followed. Hence, in this article, by referring to theoreticians like Carolyn Merchant, Gwen Hunnicutt, Lori Gruen, and other eminent critics, Bird Cottage by Eva Meijer is analyzed through an ethical-ecofeminist perspective, not only to show the influence of ethics on deforming dualisms between humans and nonhumans, which is a purpose of ecofeminism, but also to show the social influence of dualistic and non-dualistic relations on humans by following and not following ethics. Considering ecofeminism and its scope in this analysis, it is concluded that Meijer in Bird Cottage emphasizes utilizing ethics and environmental justice in seeking non-dualistic coexistence with nonhumans and, in the interim, she deforms Western human/animal dualism by referring to Len’s attitude and her actions toward wild birds.

Abstract This article reconceptualizes the concept of failure through a decolonial lens, arguing that failure is not a deficit or lack, but a form of resistance against colonial, capitalist, racial and patriarchal systems. Rethinking failure by adopting theories of Jack Halberstam, decolonial theories of Walter Mignolo and Ramon Grosfoguel, and the key concepts of Critical Race Theory, this paper presents a comparative reading of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1947) and Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things (1997). Both novels resist dominant narratives of success and visibility through characters whose failed form of being disrupts the rigid societal hierarchies rooted in class, race, and gender. The unnamed narrator of Invisible Man embraces invisibility as an agentive act of nonconformism, while the decolonial love of Ammu and Velutha undermines the caste-oriented, patriarchal norms. Through these narratives, this study aims to reveal how literary failure can be employed as a strategy to delink from the colonial system of values and a new form of being, or re-existence. Integrating African American and postcolonial narratives, this article argues for a decolonial comparative literature that privileges relationality over universalism and makes space for subaltern ways of being and knowing.

Abstract This paper examines how patriarchal control impacts both women and nature in Margaret Atwood’s The Testaments in light of Val Plumwood’s environmentalism. Plumwood critiques dualistic thinking that privileges masculinity and culture over femininity and nature, outlining five mechanisms of domination—“backgrounding,” “radical exclusion,” “incorporation,” “instrumentalism,” and “homogenization”— that create a hierarchy of superiority and inferiority. Drawing on this framework, the study investigates how The Testaments portrays the intertwined oppression of women and the environment in the male-dominated society of Gilead, highlighting their shared struggle for survival. The novel not only depicts how dualisms sustain oppression but also reveals moments of resistance and survival that challenge these binaries. By bringing ecological and feminist concerns into dialogue, this paper highlights the interconnectedness of environmental degradation and gendered violence. It ultimately argues for dismantling oppressive dualisms in favor of an alternative worldview based on intrinsic value, mutual respect, and symbiosis between all genders and nature.

Abstract Zygmunt Bauman (1925-2017) consistently oscillates between the roles of sociologist and novelist throughout his works, and, unlike many other sociologists, he makes conscious and deliberate use of metaphor. The aim of this article is to examine the metaphorical concepts in Zygmunt Bauman’s imagination by employing the “metaphor identification method” and drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Lakoff and Johnson as well as Paul Ricoeur. The findings of the study reveal that Bauman employs metaphors at both the ontological and methodological levels. For Bauman, metaphor is not merely a descriptive tool, but a research strategy for examining abstract and intangible aspects of human life such as inequality, globalization, ethics, suffering, love, solidarity, and oppression. The overarching and central metaphor in Bauman’s thought is liquidity. His other metaphors are subordinate to the metaphor of liquid modernity and are coherently interconnected within this conceptual constellation. He believes the old order is collapsing in the transition from solid to liquid modernity, but the new has not yet been born. Moreover, many of Bauman’s metaphors exhibit temporal, spatial, and binary characteristics. These metaphors allow Bauman not only to describe the complexities of modern society but also to make them experientially accessible and intellectually comprehensible. Bauman’s notion of a liquid society can be seen as a metaphorical extension of concepts such as Giddens’s “late modernity,” Ulrich Beck’s “risk society,” and Lyotard’s “postmodern.” However, Bauman reconfigures and re-narrates these ideas through a distinct theoretical framework inspired by Paul Ricoeur.

Abstract This paper is a comparative study of two war novels, namely The Book of Collateral Damage by Sinan Antoon and The Yellow Birds by Kevin Powers. Both Antoon, an Iraqi-American author, and Powers, an American writer, describe war critically but from very different points of view. In Antoon’s novel, an Iraqi scholar living in the U.S. during the conflict tries to review the war, collect newspaper pieces of war news, and create a catalogue of the people, the land, and the human and non-human entities he knew before and during the war in Iraq. In Powers’ autobiographical account, the narrator is a young soldier struggling with war trauma and trying to express his bereavement for his dead friend. Both novels address war trauma, but the dimensions of trauma and the way memory and remembering operate in the lives of the narrators are very different. This paper argues that the positionality of the authors determines the way they narrate war. The Iraqi scholar tries to revisit the past and finds recollection a therapeutic act, while the young American soldier is haunted by the memory of his lost friend, and forgetting often becomes a survival strategy for him. The approach used to answer the question—How is war trauma experienced differently on the two sides of the same battlefield?—is a postcolonial one. The study borrows some ideas from postcolonial theoreticians such as Edward Said and Gayatri Spivak to analyse the two novels comparatively.

Abstract This article proposes habeas narrativum: a translation protocol that treats literary form as procedural evidence within legal discourse and converts scenes of injury in Kafka’s The Trial into administrable minima for decisions in informational regimes. Rather than reading Kafka as allegory or doctrine, the method isolates recurrent formal injuries (non-notice, non-reasons, secret files, and credibility theater) and renders them as four predicates that make authority answerable: (1) prospectively intelligible notice identifying the items at issue, the operative rule text, and the time window; (2) review-ready reasons that are case specific, traceable to the disclosed record, falsifiable by counterevidence, and timely; (3) access and rectification through a contestable record bundle; and (4) a standard of review that prefers evidence over demeanor heuristics and specifies remedies keyed to missing predicates. Read this way, The Trial functions as a forensic archive whose scenes document which minima are absent and, therefore, what a reviewer must be able to demand on the record. To demonstrate portability beyond the literary court, a brief platform-moderation mini-case shows how these predicates reorganize routine review: requiring itemized notices, record-tied reasons, and rectification channels without demanding model transparency, thereby turning literary diagnosis into enforceable review practice in contemporary legal discourse.

Abstract This study examines the reciprocal relationship between urban transformation in Mecca and the constitution of identity in Raja Alem’s contemporary Saudi novel, The Dove's Necklace (2010). While existing scholarship frequently addresses the marginalization of women or the sociocultural erosion resulting from Mecca’s urbanization, it often overlooks the mutually constitutive dynamic between the city and its inhabitants. This paper argues that the rapid redevelopment of Mecca precipitates simultaneous and interconnected transformations in both its physical landscape and its characters’ subjectivities. The analysis employs a chronotopic framework, drawing on Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope to demonstrate how Mecca’s space and time and the characters' sense of self are intrinsically linked and co-productive. By operationalizing the chronotope within a tangible, physical context, this study addresses a critical gap in literary scholarship. Consequently, it not only elucidates the complexity of Alem’s narrative but also positions The Dove's Necklace within global discourses on urbanization, cultural heritage, and the negotiation of identity, thereby underscoring the significance of contemporary Middle Eastern literature for an international readership.

Abstract This article reads Stephen King’s The Waste Lands through affect theory, drawing primarily on Brian Massumi’s account of affect as intensity, something that emerges in the body before it emerges in cognition or interpretation. From this perspective, the article argues that sensation in The Waste Lands is not a secondary layer of meaning but it is one of the principles through which meaning begins to form. In King’s Mid-World, bodies often respond before minds can understand. Pressure, vibration, hesitation, and sudden stillness shape how characters usually experience time, danger, and action. Drawing on Massumi’s understanding of affect as a pre-cognitive force, the article develops the concept of affective rhythm to describe how patterned intensities organize perception and behavior in the novel. At certain moments, this approach also touches on Deleuze’s reflections on time, where disrupted action allows duration and sensation to appear more directly. Rhythm does not simply occur with events; it directs attention, delays explanation, and makes survival uncertain. The article shows how King repeatedly creates moments in which understanding occurs late. Characters do not act based on what they know, but they act based on what they feel and then knowledge follows, if it comes at all. Thus, The Waste Lands does not invite complete interpretation. It asks, instead, for a gradual attunement to a world whose meanings remain unstable. Based on Massumi’s affect theory, The Waste Lands emerges as a narrative guided by sensation, where rhythm becomes both a fragile continuity and a way of knowing.

Abstract The theory of decolonized trauma deviates from the western definition of trauma, which is based on occurrence and non-representation. In this regard, this article aims to address how trauma is represented in the novel The Lowland of the American-Indian author, Jhumpa Lahiri, by focusing on some narratological concepts such as order, frequency, delay and state as theorized by the narratologist Gerard Genette. These features are used in this research in order to demonstrate how the three impasses of classical trauma studies (representation, repetition, and belatedness) are refused and how the main characters Gauri and Subhash’s painful experiences and memories are discovered under diasporic circumstances. Also, they recount their terrible recollections with an honest description of their experiences as individuals who have been able to overcome the negative impacts of traumatic memories. The results also illustrate that Lahiri uses various flashbacks, repetition of events, and a diversity of views to underline the trauma’s influence on the characters’ day-to-day lives as well as its being narrated as a non-sudden occurrence. Furthermore, the study points out how the idea of double focalization gives immigrant characters a strong platform from which to discuss their painful experiences, which in turn will help reestablish a new community.

Abstract Abdulrazak Gurnah, Nobel Laureate in Literature (2021), explores postcolonial migration as central theme in his fiction to highlight how displacement reshapes voice, agency, and belonging. Focusing on Admiring Silence (1996) and The Last Gift (2011), this study examines the interrelation of migration, subalternity, and silence as prominent elements in the construction of migratory subjectivity. Drawing on Gayatri Spivak’s concept of the subaltern voice and Kevin Olson’s theory of subaltern silence, this article argues that migratory subalternity as a distinct condition generates silence that is a contextually responsive practice whose function changes across time, institutions, and generations. Through a chronological perspective, the two novels reveal an evolution in Gurnah’s view of migratory experience. In Admiring Silence, silence performs a strategic function by which the migrant narrator is allowed partial agency and narrative self-fashioning within the hegemony of the host culture. By contrast, The Last Gift presents the internalization and institutionalization of silence, shaped by shame, trauma, medical discourse, and post-9/11 securitization of immigration. Analysing silence through an intergenerational lens and as a form of postmemory, the article reveals how the protagonist embodies somatic muteness and epistemic erasure, while his children negotiate inherited silence through writing, anger, and demands for articulation. This study invites the reader to regard migratory subalternity as a re-formulating condition, distinct from colonial and postcolonial marginalization.

Abstract Award-winning novelist, cultural anthropologist, and environmental advocate, Amitav Gosh is well known for his Ibis trilogy: Sea of Poppies (2008), River Smoke (2011), and Flood of Fire (2015) wherein he dramatizes the First Opium War between England and China in the first half of the nineteenth century. His nonfictional Smoke and Ashes (2023) is the fruit of his research notes collected while writing the trilogy providing good background information for the trilogy’s intricate world. Besides Gosh’s scholars, the book will prove worthwhile for postcolonial historians and anyone interested in the complex machinery of the British Empire in nineteenth-century India and China. The book’s great intellectual charm and strength lie in its genre-defying quality. It synthesizes historical analysis with travel narrative, personal memoir, socio-cultural investigation, and the examination of artistic works related to the opium industry. In addition, it does not confine its analysis to the colonial past since it tracks the vicious consequences of the opium trade in modern times, in particular America. Indeed, the book is a scholarly endeavor to expose not only the fictionality of Western capitalism but also the depth of the British Empire’s gross injustice to subjugated people and their world through critical engagement with extensive colonial archives. He achieves his goal thanks to his lucid prose, powerful arguments, thorough research, and ethical stance.

Abstract Comparative cultural study is the new, field in comparative literature. One of the areas that is examined in this interdisciplinary field is media studies, and the analysis of the diverse forms of media in their historical, cultural, and political contexts. Media and culture studies utilize a wide range of cultural theories with a focus on the functions of media within a diverse and global cultural environment.

Media, as a powerful tool, can manipulate signs and change values, influencing the perceptions of its audience, acting as an empty subject of individuality. This study examines the role of media in creating individual and collective illusions, reconstructing and presenting a fictional world based on the film The Truman Show in the field of comparative cultural studies. The creators of The Truman Show strive to create the illusion of the world for Truman, using all the resources and modern technology available. In addition to exploring the power of the media in constructing a fake world and implementing psychological operations by the show's creators to enhance the illusion of the real world, the writer examines the show's creators' strategies for maintaining the credibility and control of this illusion in Truman's mind. It also analyzes the impact of media power on the audience based on the analysis of the details of the show's viewers and their behavior being mechanized. Finally, the writer demonstrates how The Truman Show challenges not only the display of media power in controlling public minds but also its influence and performance.

Abstract Based on his theory of epic theater, Bertolt Brecht wrote several plays, one of the most important and successful of which is the play Mother Courage and Her Children. This play is a perfect example of performing the technique of alienation or estrangement effect and defamiliarization. This technique can be performed with multiple elements and in various ways in a play. In this research of comparative literature and interdisciplinary field, the introduction of these elements and the play Mother Courage will be introduced. Referring to this, three different performances of the play are examined and the desired elements and their performance methods in a number of scenes are discussed. The desired performances are the German performance by Brecht's wife Helene Weigel and under his own supervision and two Persian performances by Mehdi Shojaei and Amir Dejakam. An attempt is made to compare differences and similarities of these performances which are a result of difference of performance time periods, cultural differences and differing working style of the performers and other theatrical factors. Iranian performances are somewhat more modern and alienation in them is more exaggerated in some cases. The scenes are simple and the language used is modern vernacular.

Abstract New Historicism in literary studies means adopting a post-structuralist approach in reading the text. This approach, which is based on postmodernist ideas, has a completely interdisciplinary nature. This research aims to investigate and scientifically explain its interdisciplinary nature with a descriptive-analytical method. In order to achieve this and of course to dwell more on a precise and narrow point, in this essay, we will try to recognize and identify one of the key terms of this approach, namely " Anecdote ", as limited to and based on the article " Counterhistory And The Anecdote " by Steven Greenblatt and Catherine Gallagher. The use of anecdote, in addition to revealing one of the interdisciplinary aspects of this approach, also clearly shows its type of textualism: unlike New Criticism, this approach, does not focus on a specific text. New Historicism sees and reads a literary text with marginal texts, i.e. anecdotes. This method makes reading the text more satisfying, satisfaction arising from a different and more complete reading compared to other approaches and methods in criticism. The story, which has an counterhistorical nature, can come from the critic's own memories of life or from marginal texts, literary or non-literary, written or non-written. New Historicists use anecdotes to destroy the sequence and course of thought of the macro-narrative and to question what the macro-narrative considers reality. In this way, they create a new narrative and reveal a different reality.

Abstract The issue of the present research is the application of the theory of mental spaces in the analysis of Persian prose literary texts. The theory of mental spaces is one of the tools of the cognitive approach to the study of texts which was proposed by Gilles Fauconnier in the second half of the twentieth century and then expanded in the following years within the framework of the theory of conceptual blending. This theory can be useful in analyzing the linguistic, ideological, and mind-based dimensions of literary texts. The aforementioned theory considers the literary text as the result of the formation of mental spaces and the establishment of connections between them. This theory, relying on the final gestalt and the narrative style of the text, tries to trace the various components constructed by the author and the readers in the text. In this research, a selected part of the novel Ja'y-e x'ali-e soluc' has been analyzed and analyzed as a case study. The results of this research show that the theory of mental spaces can help the researchers in aspects in the analysis and criticism of Persian prose literary texts such as: analyzing the narrative flow, analyzing referential pronouns in character-based texts, and stylistic application related to the mechanism of characters.

Abstract Painting influenced by Iranian literature and history is one of the manifestations of the relationship between art and literature, which has always had a special place in Iranian culture. The study of these works can lead to new readings in the field of image studies with regard to social implications. Symbolization to convey meaning has always been the focus of Iranian artists and has been used in different periods to convey rich mystical and religious concepts in pictures. One of the most important means of conveying meaning is the image, which has been the focus of Qaja artists and they have used it in the composition based on mental concepts and a deep connection with literature. During the Qajar period, due to the tendency of the court towards lyrical and mystical stories, the illustration of these concepts was proposed in advance. This approach can be seen in the painting "Sheikh Sanan and Dokhtar Tarsa" in the painting of the Qajar period as an example without a figure, introduced at Christie's auction. The aim of the current research is to investigate the mystical themes of Attar's poetry and its symbolic and visual reflection in this painting, how the visual elements are used to show the exams of the girl who is afraid of the Sheikh, and he was able to show all her exams with concise symbols.

Abstract  
From the classical time of the Eastern and Western philosophical traditions to the present age, different views about language and its nature have existed. Some have investigated the nature of language from an ontological perspective, and others have adopted a more utilitarian approach to language. Thinkers such as Fardid, among contemporary Iranian philosophers, and Benjamin, a theorist of the Frankfurt School, have examined language with an ontological perspective. Under the influence of three intellectual fountains: Hikmat Ansi, Ibn Arabi's mysticism, and Heidegger's thoughts, Fardid divides history into five periods: the day before yesterday, yesterday, today, tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow. The day before yesterday and the day after tomorrow, due to their divine origin and purpose, are considered the ideal periods from Fardid's perspective. He believes that due to distance from the history of the past, the language has been removed from its divine origin and has been reduced to an instrument. Thus, Fardid seeks, through etymology and poetry adorned with the language of signs, to enable access to a bygone history and to revive a language that was originally created by God. Benjamin also assigns a theological nature to language. He believes, in light of the myth of the Tower of Babel, that in the existing language, the direct connection between names and things has been lost, giving rise to 'signification' and 'meaning. Therefore, Benjamin seeks, with the aid of poetry and translation, to open a path toward reviving the original level and divine origin of language. This research aims to re-examine the linguistic perspectives of Fardid and Benjamin using a descriptive-analytical approach and to highlight their points of convergence and divergence.

Abstract Life writing, with an ancient history among mankind, has increasingly created a huge and interdisciplinary movement in scientific and research centers since the late twentieth century, especially in various fields of modern knowledge, especially humanities and social sciences such as anthropology, ethnography, psychology and sociology, in branches such as women's and gender studies, cultural studies, colonial studies and postcolonialism. But in Iran, despite the long tradition of writing life narratives and the growth of its modern examples over the past century and a half, not only do we not see Life writing studies, but even its necessity and basic concepts are not well understood. With the aim of recognizing this concept as an independent identity, emphasizing the necessity of initiating these studies, and presenting a perspective on it in Iran, this article has been written to outline the idea of biography and life writing and outline its generalities. Life writing is intended as an umbrella term to encompass all works that somehow contain a realistic narrative of human life in recording personal memories, experiences, perspectives, and feelings. In the broad field of "biographies" in a variety of formats and media, including written, visual, audio, and mixed types, This concept includes a wide range of writings in the description of a life or parts thereof, in various types of life writing, such as autobiographies, fictional autobiographies, memoirs, work reports, , collective biographies, memorials, testimonies, obituaries, wills, registration forms, personal resumes, obituaries, and even digital forms in blogs, tweets and stories, .