«آن‌ که بذر شر می‌کارد»: خوانشی چندصدایی از دیگری‌سازی و سازوکار هویت در «حکایت خان‌های اودوسئوس» در اودیسۀ هومر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران

چکیده

دیگری‌سازی، در حکم سازوکار اصلی برساخت هویت، از دیرباز در جوامع بشری صورت می‌گرفته؛ اما فقط در دورۀ اخیر به‌لحاظ مفهومی بررسی شده است. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از خوانش چندصدایی (کنترپوان)؛ راهبرد ساخت‌گشایانه‌ای که ادوارد سعید از موسیقی کلاسیک غربی اقتباس کرده است، به مسئلۀ سازوکار هویت در «حکایت خان‌های اودوسئوس» در اودیسۀ هومر می‎پردازد. هدف این جستار آشکارسازیِ زیرمتنِ ایدئولوژیکِ این حماسۀ رمانتیکِ کانونی و دادن مجال بروز به صدای شخصیت‌های هیولاشده و سرکوب‌شده در گفتمان قهرمان و روایت‌گر است. این تحلیل استدلال می‌کند که اودیسه نقش مهمی در برساختن سوژگیِ غربی ایفا کرده و با قراردادن او در برابر دیگری‌هایش نوعی هویت ملی یا فرهنگی هم به مردم یونان باستان و هم به مرد غربیِ مدرن بخشیده است. با این حال، خوانش چندصدایی نشان می‌دهد که اودوسئوس با دیگری‌های بدنهاد و وحشی‌ای که در روند جست‌وجو با آنان مواجه می‌شود، ذاتاً هیچ تفاوتی ندارد و هویتی که برای هردو گروه ساخته شده، صرفاً حاصل قراردادها و قدرت گفتمانی است؛ بنابراین، یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر در سازوکار متعارف برساخت هویت در فرهنگ غرب تردید می‌کنند؛ با این امید که بتوانند زمینه را برای خوانش نقادانۀ دیگری از این نوع متون کلاسیک و ارزیابی مجدد ترجمه‌های آن‌ها فراهم کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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